While Gram staining is important, inexpensive, and should be performed whenever possible, it merely gives a clue as to the genus and species of the etiological agent. Although culture is considered the gold standard for case confirmation in clinics, the positive rate is relatively low due to suboptimal storage and transportation conditions, culture practice, and/or antibiotic treatment administered before the specimen is collected. Overview of PCR technologiesIn developing countries, the most commonly used approaches for detection and characterization of bacterial meningitis pathogens include culture, Gram stain, and latex agglutination.
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